Alcoholism and Native Americans Essay - 5068 Words

The continuous or excessive use of alcohol (ethanol) with associated pathologic results. Alcoholism is characterized by constant or periodic intoxication, although the pattern of consumption varies markedly. Individuals admitted for the first time to an alcoholism treatment center typically have been consuming 3–4 oz (80–100 g) of pure alcohol per day, corresponding to seven to nine drinks or bottles of beer or glasses of wine. Studies have shown that problem drinking in these populations starts at about 2 oz/day (60 g/day), that is, four to five drinks per day, and that these are consumed in rapid succession, leading to intoxication on three or more days per week. Individuals who consume these levels of alcohol have a greater-than-average†¦show more content†¦Also, low doses are known to alter motor coordination and time and space perception, important aspects of car driving (about 50% of all fatal traffic accidents are caused by intoxicated drivers). Some eff ects are already seen at levels of 0.05%. Pain sensitivity is diminished with moderate doses. In some individuals, alcohol is known to diminish feelings of self-criticism and to inhibit fear and anxiety, effects which are probably related to an alcohol-induced sociability. These effects act, no doubt, as psychological reinforcers for the use of alcoholic beverages. | It is generally accepted that alcohol affects the nerve cell by preventing the production and propagation of electric impulses along a network consisting of axons and synapses. The brain functions much as an electronic system in which one nerve cell, acting as a current generator, communicates information to many other cells, which in turn receive impulses from many other areas. Some impulses are enhanced, others are blunted. Memory and conditioning appear to play an important role in integrating the impulses which are finally expressed as behaviors. Studies in the United States and England have shown that when alcohol becomes dissolved in the membrane of the cells, it fluidizes or disorganizes the membrane, which in turn leads to changes in the physical and biochemical characteristics of the latter. Chronic exposure to alcohol alters the composition of the membrane and its rigidity, so that alcoholShow MoreRelatedNative Americans and the Issue of Alcoholism Essay1673 Words   |  7 PagesFollowing the European invasion in America, Native Americans came to endure many problems. While some have faded, others still linger on in their lives. The issue of alcohol and alcoholism is one of them. From settlers using it to deceive, to today’s issues on the reservation, alcohol has played a devastating role in the lives of Native Americans. Knowing how the issue of alcohol became such a predominate part of Native Americans lives will allow us to spawn ideas on how to end the problem. BeforeRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcoholism On The Native American Population1098 Words   |  5 Pagesdrinks because of instances of domestic abuse or clinical depression versus a Native American alcoholic is that the average person’s alcoholism is symptomatic of individual experiences. Alcoholism among the native population is encouraged by overwhelming and uncontrollable outside cultural forces. This is all to say that when Louis writes about his recovery from alcoholism and the effects of the disease on the Native American population, he is reaching beyond the surface implications of excessive drinkRead MoreTextual Analysis of Alexie’s â€Å"Because my Father Always Said...†1683 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis Essay Textual Analysis of Alexie’s â€Å"Because my Father Always Said...† America truly is the salad bowl of cultures from around the whole world. 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Finally, as part of analysis it will discuss what th e response of the Native Alaskan culture has been toRead MoreLegacy of Leslie Marmon Silko Essay1404 Words   |  6 PagesMarmon and Mary Virginia Leslie. She is Pueblo Laguna, Mexican and Euro-American heritage. Silko grew up near the Laguna Pueblo Indian Reservation in Southwest New Mexico. She attended both BIA (Bureau of Indian Affairs) schools and parochial schools. Her Native American family made sure she had an understanding of Native American traditions which included storytelling, and a deep appreciation of the land and customs of Native people from her grandmother and aunts (Hunter, 2006). Each tribe mayRead MoreEssay on Alcoholism Nature vs Nurture Argument2784 Words   |  12 PagesAlcoholism and the Nature vs. Nurture Argument Does the environment that one grows up in contribute to alcoholism or is alcoholism determined by genetics? It wasn’t until 1991 that alcoholism was considered both a medical and psychiatric disease by the American Medical Association. Alcoholism is defined in the dictionary as a chronic disorder characterized by dependence on alcohol, repeated excessive use of alcoholic beverages, the development of withdrawal symptoms on reducingRead MoreAmeric The Multinational Society884 Words   |  4 PagesIn his essay, â€Å"America: The Multinational Society,† Ishmael Reed gives his readers no context for his expertise in the subject of multiculturalism, though he is black and has seen first-hand his family’s culture mixed with other cultures present in the United States. His best examples of cultural blending happening, and indeed being a positive thing, is when he compares the attitude of xenophobes to those of the actual colonial-era Puritans, who were a s tunningly brutal people. 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Drugs Essay - 509 Words

Drugs An issue of personal, local, and national concern that I would like to focus in this essay is drugs. There are many reasons why I find drugs to be an issue of great importance to me. First, drugs is a personal issue to me. For most of my life, I have been living in places where drugs have surrounded me. For the past ten years, I have been living in the Duncan Projects in Jersey City, where the temptation of selling, buying, or even using drugs seems to be growing every day. Every day I see older people and even young kids engaging in the act of buying, selling, and using drugs. I ask myself why do people get involved in drugs; is it because of a financial need? Sometimes people believe that having a lot of money makes†¦show more content†¦Every day I see many students smoking marijuana during their lunch. Most of them think that smoking makes them look cool, and some do it to fit in with their peers. Drugs only prevent them from learning, from doing well in sports, and from getting along with their classmates. The most frightening and disturbing thing of all is the realization that drugs are available worldwide, and if we don’t get involved in doing something about this problem, drugs are going to be the destruction of future generations. I believe that if parents take time to sit down and talk to their children about the consequences of using drugs, children would be more aware. Children would know what to do if someone tries to make them buy, sell, or use drugs. Parents should also take the time to tell their children that they love them. Sometimes just those â€Å"four letters† can prevent a child from doing something that he or she will be lucky to live to regret. Parents have to show concern for their children and frequently discuss things with them. Showing concern makes the children feel confident about approaching their parents with any personal problem. Children who feel comfortable speaking to their parents about any problem, usually make the right decision. In conclusion, even though I grew up living in places surrounded by drugs, this situation did not prevent me from being successful and realizing my goals. Although my mother did not know how to read orShow MoreRelatedThe Drug Of Drugs And Drugs Essay1125 Words   |  5 Pagessomeone offered you some sort of drug, whether it is a street drug or a pharmaceutical drug. What would you do? You may think it’s not such a big deal to go ahead and try it. You think it’s only one time right. However, some things can be addictive or kill you immediately like heroine. Other things make people slowly addict themselves to it, or to the experience of being high. They will put their lives and other peoples live in jeopardy for this drug or feeling these drugs give them. 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Role of Corporate Governance

Question Describe about role of corporate governance? Answer: Corporate governance has started playing a major role in todays world. A concept which was not adhered much in the nineteenth century or even in the beginning of the twentieth has suddenly found itself well positioned in this era of surging global markets and developments. As the industrial revolution of the early 1900s changed the scenario of market, the globalization in the twentieth century saw exponential growth of private firms and corporate. This mushrooming can be credited due to the new routes of clientele based on interconnectivity and bilateral trade between most countries around the world. This meant that a balanced structure must be presented for maintaining and securing the stakes or shares or even financial aspects of the clients who will be involved directly or indirectly with these corporate or firms. Thus the birth of corporate governance took shape and place. This structure must be globally accepted and nationally followed. This provides the required hierarchical co mposite by which a corporation runs and develops its road map. For a better grip on the subject we shall look first at the different components of Corporate Governance with an eagle eye view, understand the different organizations involved in a global field with regard to the governance structure, find the usual style of corporate Governance in UK and its incorporation in companies and finally do a case study on one corporate organization to find the impact of corporate governance. The case study shall aim at finding the pros and cons of initialising of corporate governance, its needs and also its importance. The Important Constituents of corporate governance: An Overview 1. Board of Directors This is the highest position in the hierarchal structure and thus this position is at a pivotal role. The Director(s) not only manage the corporate but also has the responsibility of setting strategy budgets including both the annual estimations and a periodic budget, managing the employees, maintaining company assets and analysing risk factors to it and also ensuring that the corporate governance rules which have been constituted are followed and respected. Directors are responsible for monitoring the overall development and are thus entrusted with decision making. 2. Comptroller and Auditor This also is an important position with regard to the companys financial state and objectivity. They provide the analysed data regarding the balance of payments, account deficit and the statement of expenditure to the Director(s). This group is highly functional and has immense responsibility towards the development and also towards ensuring security in terms of finance. They involve non executive members and hence pave a way for them to play a positive and decisive role as well. Corporate Governance structure in the UK The structure is similar to the structure followed in the United States of America which is of a classical model. This model follows a string of approach, stakeholders and shareholders select the board of directors in an Annual General Meeting and the Board then nominates or selects or appoint the Chief Executive of the company. The structure relies heavily on the market based sanctions and thus the selection of the Board of directors is very important and must be well thought of. Boyd (1996:168-169) states self interested directors could manipulate the operations of a classical structure for their own gain at the expense of the shareholder. Thus the selection of Board of Directors is in itself a very important part in Corporate Governance. A flaw in this could lead to a string of operations that may lead to the decimation of the company concern. Corporate governance codes in UK The Cadbury committee was constituted in the UK for this very reason. The committees report gives an insight to the structure and governance in any company with respect to the way it should function internally. The report provided by Cadbury on the Governance Aspects related to financing was recognized as the highly essential development in corporate governance area. In accordance to Gregory Francessco Maassen 2002, this committee was set up by Cadbury in the year 1991 through a council on financial reporting along with the stock exchange of London leading towards releasing a public comment draft report on 1992. A final version was issued by the committee in the form of this report. In accordance to the report of Cadbury Committee, 1992, the main objective of this committee remained in helping to enhance corporate governance standards and the financial reporting level of confidence. The recommendations were based on the main self regulation beliefs rather than enforcing statutorily w hich was regarded an appropriate step to enhance corporation related pressure for improving the structure of governance. Also, this committee strongly laid focus on financial markets which were more likely at providing the important controls externally instead of focusing only on regulators for enforcing recommended actions. According to Clements, 1995, this committee of Cadbury was focused upon 3 main missions established as corporate governance new standards in the region of United Kingdom. These missions were inclusive of improving the corporations governance structure, avoiding legislative concerns that have the capability of bringing the UK two tier board model along with improving the institutional investors involvement in the companys governance for avoiding UK legislative changes. For achieving the objectives, the report of Cadbury had its basis on 4 separate prescription kinds inclusive of recommended codifications, simple recommendations, legislative change desire and 22 e xhortations. International Code of Governance applicable to corporations in UK There are at present two organizations that uphold the corporate governance and are responsible for overseeing that the rules and regulations are thereby realised. They are 1. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): This is an international governing body established in the year 1961 and is comprised of market economical countries as well as some developing economies.2. International Corporate Governance Network (ICGN).: This is a group comprising of investors and investing institutions established in the year 1995.Corporate Governance: Assertive view on its needGood corporate governance is the necessary catalyst towards attracting investment, economic growth and reducing the cost of capital. Corporate Governance: Constrains on its existence Some arguments have come to light as to the necessity of adhering to governance. Many are of the view that governance may seal of the flexibility of the working of the Directors. The shareholding scheme makes even a non-executive member equal to a non-executive Director thus contradicting the hierarchal structure as it stands. There may also exist a communication gap between the employees and the Directors as due to the seldom availability of the non-executive bench. This may affect the overall implementation of any company policies. Loizos Heracleous (2001) research on the importance of 'best practices' in corporate governance has predominantly failed to find convincing connections between practices and performance in the corporation. Methodology For the purpose of the study on Corporate Governance and its importance in any company, a case study will yield valuable information. A case study taking the governance structure of one organization and critically viewing its performance and its internal policies in lieu with the literature thus studied so far. For our paper we shall take Being Air Force as the organization under the scanner. Being-Air Force F. Cabico (2003) stated that the company of Boeing ended up firing its main finance executive members for conducting unethical practices and he also illustrated the missile defence hiring negotiation while working for the government of U.S. The previous official in the Air Force, Darleen Druyun was removed from the post along with the main chief financial officer even though it had only been 10 months since she had been working there due to unethical conduct. A telling blow to any organization is to be rendered completely ambiguous at the very high level. This sudden shift in the companys ethical view on governance had everyone question the internal policies and also the financial stability of the shareholders. The stakeholders were also brought under the surge as the decision was not conducive to the problem at hand. WSJ, Herald, Sun Sentinel(2003) reported Boeing said that he violated company policy by communicating with Ms. Druyun to discuss her potential employment while she was still negotiating contracts with Boeing on behalf of the Pentagon. The company said that it had compelling evidence that the two had attempted to conceal their alleged misconduct from a team of outside lawyers hired by the company to investigate. This statement stands on the affirmative to prove that the corporate governance as according to the Cadbury Committee recommendations may have not been adhered to which led to this fall of procedural and technical glitch on the part of the Boeing officials. The question does however arise as to how did such a mishap happen? Being a part of a high security organization its structure was breached in an unfortunate and in a telling way. Herald, Sun Sentinel (2003) again reported in the following issue In early December 2003, Boeing announced that Phil Condit, the companys chairman and chief executive, had tendered his resignation immediately. The company stated that its board had determined that a new structure for leadership was needed. This meant that the Board of Directors had decided to change the perspective of the company and may very well implement new policies towards its employees for recovering from the whiplash of the scandal that had surfaced. This may not come as a surprise as for any company following a series of hierarchal structure will have to follow certain method and steps towards adhering to the classical model described in the literature. For this very reason the very nest Chief executive then brought in dynamic changes into the company policies with the inclusion of signing of code of conduct for all employees. Primary inference from the study From the case study thus put under the lens the primary focus lies in the structuring of the company. As per the classical model, Board of directors hold the power and responsibility to appoint a Chief Executive, it may be noted that the autonomy status of the financial sector of the company led to the downfall. The lack of communication and also the unavailability of non executive Directors as mentioned in the constrains of governance comes to light. The Chief Executive of the company under the lens was clueless as to the negotiations under going and it may also be noted that such a scenario is not present in only one company adhering to the classical model but many which have surfaced around the world. The classical model which has been mentioned by the Cadbury Committee may theoretically serve its purpose but practically is plagued with uneven priorities and duty and responsibility assignment. Also the international organizations do not have a strong hold on any company other than providing security in terms of equity and shares. It fails to implement stringent rules and regulations within the company, that is to say the company policies are not prescribed by any organization other than the company itself. Secondary inference from the study For every failure in terms of corporate governance there seems to be only one usual decision making that the companies all around the world follow that is a short term solution as to contain the initial whiplash. From the case study we can infer that the corporate governance may give the structure but does not provide the exact protocol of the same. It may be noted that even the Cadbury Committee recommendation do not have sufficient work around the protocol of Governance. Final deduction from the two inferences From the primary and secondary inference it may be deduced that for Company Governance may be a necessity for taking a company forward but it is not a complete solution to a companys success. It may be safe to argue that a corporate may very well be established without corporate governance. Having said that, it is highly unlikely that any company will be trusted by its shareholders and stakeholders, towards its financial stability without a structure, which of course provided by the Corporate Governance. It may also be noted that Corporate Governance in itself is a flexible component and thus can be moulded as per needs of individual company. A paradox may still linger in its proximity in lieu of its application nevertheless its importance can never be compared to a naught. The literature, methodology and the findings hence directs a certain conclusion; Corporate Governance may very well be a driving point in any companys future but it may have to be implemented with certain more internal policies of the respective company. An individual idea may propagate a greater endurance to the already existing structure as per the recommendations of Cadbury Committee. References Montagnon, P., 2004, The Governance Challenge for Investors, Journal of Organization management, Vol.12(2), pp 321-400 Cadbury Report, Gee Publishing, 1992, The Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance Lo, S.F., and Sheu, H.J., 2007, Is Corporate Sustainability a value-increasing strategy for business, Vol.15(2), pp 234-304 Heracleous, L.,2001, What is the impact of Corporate Governance on Organisational Performance?, Vol.9(3), pp 333-452 Cheng, S., and Firth,M., 2005, Ownership, Corporate Governance and Top Management Pay in Hong Kong, Vol.13(2), pp 212 Larker, D. F., Richardson, S.A., and Tuna, I., 2004, How important is Corporate Governance?, Working Paper Brennan, N., 2006, Boards of Directors and Firm Performance: is there an expectations gap?, Vol.14(6), pp 400 Webb, R., 2003, Matthias Beck and Roddy McKinnon, Problems and Limitations of Institutional Investor Participation in Corporate Governance, Vol.11 (1), pp 112 Hooghiemstra, R., and van Manen, J., 2004, Non-executive Directors in the Netherlands: another expectations gap?, Accounting and Business Research, Vol.34, pp-25-42 Lowengrub, P., Luedecke, T., and Melvin, M., 2004, Does corporate governance matter in the market response to merger announcement? Evidence from the U.S. and Germany, Advance in Financial Economics, Vol.9, pp-103-135 Bebchuk, L., Cohen, A. and Ferrell, A., 2004, what matters in Corporate Governance, Economics and Business, Discussion paper, Vol.491 Peck, S.W., 2004, Do outside Block-holders influence corporate governance practices?, Advance in Financial Economic, Vol.9, pp-91-101 Business Week, 2000, The best and worst corporate board. The Hong Kong member firm of KPMG International, 2005, The Hong Kong Code on Corporate Governance Practices A Plus, 2008, How independent are independent directors?, Vol.4, pp-22 - 25 A Plus 2008, Corporate social responsibility?, Vol.4, pp- 32 -34